Head injury could amplify depression in survivors of torture

Washington, Nov 7 : Head injuries could aggravate depression and other emotional symptoms in survivors of torture and other traumatic experiences, according to a study from the Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma (HPRT), based in the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry.

In the study, researchers found structural changes in the brains of former South Vietnamese political detainees who had suffered head injuries and clearly link those changes to psychiatric symptoms often seen in survivors of torture.

"This is the first study since the 1950s to demonstrate brain changes in survivors of extreme violence. That work looked at Holocaust survivors, and now we are the first to connect similar brain damage with mental health issues in survivors of political torture. We believe, although it has not yet been proven, that these physical effects may help explain why survivors of both torture and traumatic head injury often don't do well with standard therapies for depression and anxiety," said Richard Mollica, MD, director of the HPRT and leader of the study.

Previous studies have documented the fact that head injures are a common form of torture among prisoners of war and political detainees.

But no previous work has investigated whether the neurologic effects of head injuries were related to the chronic psychiatric disorders often reported in torture survivors.

The current study analysed information from 42 Vietnamese immigrants, now resettled in the U.S., who had been detained in so-called "re-education camps" and 15 Vietnamese immigrants of similar ages who had not been detained.

All study participants completed questionnaires regarding any history of head injuries and on their exposure to torture or other traumatic experiences before being interviewed by study investigators to assess current symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging studies measured the size and thickness of brain structures that previous reports have associated with depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and also have suggested could be affected by traumatic head injuries.

Among the former detainees, 16 reported having experienced head injuries at some time, and 26 did not.

Not only were detainees with a history of head injury more likely than those without to report symptoms of depression, the imaging studies showed they had significant reductions in the thickness of the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex, reductions not seen in non-head-injured detainees.

Participants whose head injuries were more severe had even greater structural changes and more debilitating depression symptoms.

These head-injury-associated effects were independent of the effects of other forms of torture or trauma participants had experienced.

While head-injured ex-detainees did not have a greater risk of being diagnosed with PTSD, their PTSD symptoms were more severe.

"It's well known in neuropsychology that the frontal and temporal lobes affect executive function - which includes planning, learning, self-monitoring, and flexibility in social interactions," explained Mollica.

He added: "It could be that torture survivors who don't do well with standard therapies have head-injury-based cognitive deficits that interfere with standard approaches like behavioural or exposure therapy. It's very rare for patients to relate subsequent health problems to a head injury or to recognize that a head injury is affecting their emotions."

The study has been published in the latest issue of Archives of General Psychiatry.

--ANI